Bonus

Multistep ratchets were proposed by John Hopfield to explain how biological systems accomplish this process. For 10 points each:
[10h] Name this error-correcting mechanism that improves the yield of biochemical pathways by ensuring that the final product-forming reaction is irreversible while all other side product reactions remain reversible.
ANSWER: kinetic proofreading
[10m] The canonical example of kinetic proofreading is the high activation energy associated with the “charging” of these molecules by the enzyme aaRS.
ANSWER: tRNAs [or transfer RNAs; accept, but DO NOT REVEAL, aminoacyl-tRNA, aa-tRNAs, charged tRNAs, or loaded tRNAs; prompt on RNA or ribonucleic acid]
[10e] tRNAs become “charged” by being bound to these molecules. These molecules consist of a carboxy group, an amine group, and a central carbon bound to an R group.
ANSWER: amino acids
<Chemistry>
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Conversion

TeamOpponentPart 1Part 2Part 3TotalParts
British ColumbiaGeorgia State0101020ME
Chicago AWUSTL A10101030HME
Columbia ANorthwestern0101020ME
Cornell AGeorgia Tech001010E
IndianaRutgers0101020ME
Johns HopkinsHarvard0101020ME
LSEUC Berkeley B001010E
MinnesotaIowa State001010E
NYUWaterloo B001010E
North Carolina BMaryland001010E
Penn StateFlorida001010E
StanfordNorth Carolina A001010E
Toronto AWaterloo A001010E
UC Berkeley AIllinois A10101030HME
VanderbiltOhio State001010E
WUSTL BYale001010E

Summary

TournamentExact Match?HeardPPBEasy %Medium %Hard %
2025 ACF NationalsYes1615.00100%38%13%