Tossup

A 2023 paper about these values by economist Alberto Abadie et al. proposes “model-based” and “design-based” frameworks for choosing which type to use. In spatial contexts, the Conley adjustment (10[1])can be applied to these values, which Morgan Kelly found to be unrealistically small in 27 past studies of historical persistence. James MacKinnon and Halbert White devised four types of these values called HC0 (“H-C-zero”) through HC3. In difference-in-differences studies, serial correlation requires estimating “clustered” versions (10[1])of these (10[1])values. (10[1])When variances of residuals are unlikely to be constant, researchers usually use “robust” (10[1])versions (-5[1])of these (10[1]-5[1])values. (10[2]-5[2])This value is the denominator of a one-sample t-statistic. For 10 points, name this value (-5[1])often defined as standard deviation over (10[1])square root of sample size, (10[3]0[1]-5[1])a measure of how accurate an estimate is. ■END■ (10[5]0[8])

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