Bonus
The earliest-discovered one of these stars, P Cygni (“SIG-nye”), names a profile sometimes used to identify them. For 10 points each:
[10h] What variables found in the S Doradus instability strip exhibit periodic outbursts and irregular eruptions? These variables lack ionized nitrogen and carbon lines, unlike their older Wolf–Rayet (“rah-YAY”) counterparts.
ANSWER: luminous blue variables [or LBVs; prompt on eta Carinae variables or Hubble–Sandage variables by asking “what larger group do they belong to?”]
[10e] This phenomenon’s interaction with outer shell material results in the characteristic P Cygni profiles of LBVs. Wolf–Rayet stars exhibit high mass loss rates due to this phenomenon, which ends at the heliopause.
ANSWER: stellar wind [or interstellar wind; accept solar wind; prompt on wind]
[10m] The mass of LBVs approaches this classical limit, derived by setting gravitational force equal to radiation pressure. Exceeding this limit disrupts hydrostatic equilibrium through stellar wind-driven mass loss in cataclysmic variables.
ANSWER: Eddington limit [or Eddington luminosity; accept super-Eddington luminosity]
<Other Science>
Answerlines and category may not exactly match the version played at all sites
Conversion
| Team | Opponent | Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Total | Parts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago A | WUSTL B | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Columbia A | British Columbia | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Columbia B | Georgia Tech | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Cornell B | Iowa State | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Illinois A | Penn State | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Illinois B | Yale | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Indiana | WUSTL A | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Johns Hopkins | UC Berkeley B | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| LSE | Cornell A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| MIT | Florida | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Minnesota | Toronto B | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| NYU | Rutgers | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| North Carolina A | Maryland | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Ohio State | Northwestern | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| RIT | Chicago B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Toronto C | Virginia | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| UC Berkeley A | Toronto A | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 | HEM |
| Virginia Tech | Georgia State | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
| Waterloo A | Harvard | 0 | 10 | 10 | 20 | EM |
| Waterloo B | Texas | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | E |
Summary
| Tournament | Exact Match? | Heard | PPB | Easy % | Medium % | Hard % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 ACF Nationals | Yes | 20 | 12.50 | 80% | 40% | 5% |